Under review
Activity modification, analgesia, bracing/AFO, rocker-bottom footwear, injections.
Key points
Evidence summary in preparation.
Treatment options
Most relevant
Under review
Arthroscopic joint preparation with percutaneous screw fixation.
Key points
Evidence summary in preparation.
Under review
Open (transfibular, anterior or mini-open) joint preparation with screw or plate fixation.
Key points
Evidence summary in preparation.
Under review
Fixed- or mobile-bearing total ankle arthroplasty.
Key points
Evidence summary in preparation.
Under review
Joint-preserving realignment for asymmetric varus/valgus arthritis.
Key points
Evidence summary in preparation.
Under review
Joint distraction with external fixator to delay arthrodesis/replacement.
Key points
Evidence summary in preparation.
Key papers
| Paper | Year | Design |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical Outcomes and Complication Profile of Open and Arthroscopic Ankle Arthrodesis: A Systematic Review. Encinas R · J Am Acad Orthop Surg · 2026 · Systematic review / meta-analysisKey paper | 2026 | Systematic review / meta-analysisLevel I-II |
| Long-term Consequences of Total Ankle Replacement vs Ankle Fusion in England: A 25-Year National Population Study of 41 000 patients. Hennessy C · Foot Ankle Int · 2026 · Comparative studyKey paper | 2026 | Comparative studyLevel II-III |
| Complications, Reoperations, and Healthcare Costs Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty vs Ankle Arthrodesis. McDevitt JW · Foot Ankle Int · 2026 · Comparative studyKey paper | 2026 | Comparative studyLevel II-III |
| Clinical Outcomes and Safety Profile for Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis for Symptomatic Ankle Arthritis: A Systematic Review. Encinas R · J Am Acad Orthop Surg · 2026 · Systematic review / meta-analysisKey paper | 2026 | Systematic review / meta-analysisLevel I-II |
| 1c Total Ankle Arthroplasty vs Arthrodesis in an HbA-Defined Diabetic Cohort: Lower 1- to 5-Year Structural Complication Rates in a Retrospective Propensity-Matched Study. Almaat A · Foot Ankle Int · 2026 · Comparative studyKey paper | 2026 | Comparative studyLevel II-III |
| Complications of total ankle arthroplasty versus ankle arthrodesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Boey JJE · Foot Ankle Surg · 2025 · Systematic review / meta-analysisKey paper | 2025 | Systematic review / meta-analysisLevel I-II |
| Open vs. arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis: a comprehensive umbrella review of outcomes and complications. Fiore PI · Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci · 2025 · Systematic review / meta-analysisKey paper | 2025 | Systematic review / meta-analysisLevel I-II |
| Ankle Distraction Arthroplasty: A Survivorship Review and Meta-Analysis. Ghasemi SA · J Foot Ankle Surg · 2023 · Systematic review / meta-analysisKey paper | 2023 | Systematic review / meta-analysisLevel I-II |
| Supramalleolar osteotomies for ankle arthritis: a systematic review. Christidis P · Arch Orthop Trauma Surg · 2023 · Systematic review / meta-analysisKey paper | 2023 | Systematic review / meta-analysisLevel I-II |
| Supramalleolar osteotomy for the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis leads to favourable outcomes and low complication rates at mid-term follow-up: a systematic review. Butler JJ · Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc · 2023 · Systematic review / meta-analysisKey paper | 2023 | Systematic review / meta-analysisLevel I-II |
| Total ankle replacement versus ankle arthrodesis for patients aged 50-85 years with end-stage ankle osteoarthritis: the TARVA RCT. Goldberg AJ · Health Technol Assess · 2023 · Systematic review / meta-analysisKey paper | 2023 | Systematic review / meta-analysisLevel I-II |
| Survival of primary ankle replacements: data from global joint registries. Perry TA · J Foot Ankle Res · 2022 · Observational / otherKey paper | 2022 | Observational / otherLevel III-IV |
| Arthroscopic Versus Open Ankle Arthrodesis: A 5-Year Follow Up. Abuhantash M · J Bone Joint Surg Am · 2022 · Observational / otherKey paper | 2022 | Observational / otherLevel III-IV |
| Distraction arthroplasty in the management of osteoarthritis of the ankle: A systematic review. Arshad Z · Foot Ankle Surg · 2022 · Systematic review / meta-analysisKey paper | 2022 | Systematic review / meta-analysisLevel I-II |
| Arthroscopic versus open ankle arthrodesis: a multicenter comparative case series. Townshend D · J Bone Joint Surg Am · 2013 · Comparative studyKey paper | 2013 | Comparative studyLevel II-III |